Unix Commands Cheat Sheet
File related commands
sysinfo
Memory and Swap
Disks, Filesystems and Devices
Networking
Crash Dump
Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics
Kernel Modules and Parameters
Services
Patching / Software
Accounts
NFS
NTP
Log Files
Security
Misc
File related commands
- cat , more , tail ,touch, mkdir , rm , ln , ls , chmod , cp , tar , jar , find , grep
- ln –s <target> <symblink>
- find <dir> –name <filename>
- tar –cvf <tarfile> <dir>/*
- tar –xvf <tarfile>
- 0 – filedescriptor for standard input
- 1 – filedescriptor for standard output
- 2 – filedescriptor for standard error
- ./startWeblogic > start.out
- ./startWeblogic > start.out 2>&1
- nohup ./startWeblogic.sh > start.out 2>&1 &
- ps –ef|grep startWeblogic.sh (Find processid)
- ptree <pid> (Find the child java processid)
- kill -3 <pid> (send SIGQUIT to java pid)
- Look PROCESS console logfile for thread dump
- top
- prstat
- netstat
- iostat
- vmstat
- df
- du
- swap
sysinfo
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
Server Release info
|
cat /etc/release
|
cat /etc/enterprise-release
cat /proc/version cat /etc/redhat-release lsb_release -a |
cat /etc/lsb_release
lsb_release -a |
Server type
|
/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
|
dmidecode
|
dmidecode
|
Hardware Info
|
prtdiag -v
prtpicl -v [-c <class>] prtconf -D |
lspci lsusb lshal Note: hal = hardware abstraction layer |
lspci
lsusb lshal |
Operating System
|
uname -a
|
uname -a
|
uname -a
|
Memory
|
/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
prtconf | grep -i mem |
cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om cat /proc/slabinfo |
cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om cat /proc/slabinfo |
CPU (type, number, etc)
|
/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v ## display,offline,online psrinfo psradm -f 0 (offline) psradm -n 0 (online) |
cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)
|
cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)
|
Disk Drives
|
format prtvtoc <device> format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) |
fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe -s <device> |
fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device> |
Kernel File and associated directories
|
/kernel/genunix /platform/sparc/kernel /platform/i86pc/kernel /kernel /usr/kernel |
/boot/initrd.?????.img
/boot/vmlinuz |
/boot/initrd.img-?????-server
/boot/vmlinuz-????-server |
Kernel 32 or 64
|
isainfo -kv (solaris 9+)
isalist (sparc v9 will be listed first) |
uname -a
uname -m getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit' |
uname -a
uname -m getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit' |
Display Firmware
|
At the OK prompt type banner
|
boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)
|
boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)
|
Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA
|
n/a
|
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports /proc/dma |
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports /proc/dma |
GUI admin tool
|
admintool
|
linuxconf
|
linuxconf
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
Memory
|
/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
prtconf | grep -i mem |
cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)
free -om |
cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)
free -om |
page size (memory)
|
/usr/bin/pagesize
|
/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i 'pagesize|page_size'
|
/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i 'pagesize|page_size'
|
display swap
|
swap -l
swap -s |
cat /proc/swaps (detailed)
swapon -s |
cat /proc/swaps (detailed)
swapon -s |
adding swap
|
mkfile 5m /var/swapfile swap -a /var/swapfile update /etc/vfstab |
device: create partition with fdisk (type 82) file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000 mkswap <device>|<file> swapon <device>|<file> update /etc/fstab |
device:
create partition with fdisk (type 82) file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000 mkswap <device>|<file> swapon <device>|<file> update /etc/fstab |
removing swap
|
update /etc/vfstab
swap -d |
swapoff <device>|<file>
Remove device or file as normal |
swapoff <device>|<file>
Remove device or file as normal |
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
Disk Drives
|
format prtvtoc <device> format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) |
fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device> |
fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device> |
Disk serial Number, type, etc
|
format
iostat -En luxadm inq <disk> (A5x00 disk arrays) |
hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed) hdparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi |
hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed) haparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi |
Disk disk partitions
|
prtvtoc <device>
cat /etc/vfstab |
fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) cat /proc/partitions (very high level) cat /etc/fstab |
fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) cat /proc/partitions (very high level) cat /etc/fstab |
List Raw Partitions
|
n/a
|
## Old way /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices service rawdevices start chkconfig rawdevices on ## New way, Edit below file /etc/udev/rules.d/60-raw.rules udevinfo -d ## Display raw partitions raw -qa |
mknod /dev/rawctl c 162 0
mknod /dev/raw/raw0 c 162 1 mknod /dev/raw/raw1 c 162 2 ln -s /dev/rawctl /dev/raw/rawctl ## map raw devices to the disk raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1 ## display raw devices raw -qa |
Filesystem commands
|
df -k
|
df -k
df -h |
df -k
df -h |
Filesystem (create|remove)
|
newfs -v <raw device>
# Display how the filesystem was created newfs -Nv <raw device> |
mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
|
mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
|
Tune Filesystems
|
tunefs
fstyp -v <device> |grep -i minfree |
tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 # change reserved blocks percentage to 1% tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1 |
tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 # change reserved blocks percentage to 1% tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1 |
Force fsck
|
touch /forcefsck
shutdown -Fr now tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state' |
touch /forcefsck
shutdown -r now tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state' # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes |
|
backup filesystem
|
ufsdump|ufsrestore
tar dd cpio |
dump/restore
tar dd cpio |
dump/restore
tar dd cpio |
Display the boot device
|
eeprom |grep boot-device
prtconf -pv |grep bootpath |
cat /boot/grub/grub.conf cat /etc/lilo.conf grub = grand unified boot loader lilo = linux loader |
cat /boot/grub/menu.lst
|
Setting the boot device
|
setenv boot-device [<device>|<alias>]
eeprom boot-device [<device>|<alias>] |
/boot/grub/grub.conf /etc/lilo.conf |
/boot/grub/menu.lst
|
Creating boot device (MBR)
|
installboot /usr/platform/`uname -i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk
<raw-device>
|
grub-install <raw-device>
lilo -v |
grub-install <raw-device>
|
Format floppy drive
|
fdformat -v -U
volcheck -v newfs -v /vol/disk/aliases/floppy0 |
floppy --probe (use device obtained below )
floppy --createrc > /etc/fd0 floppy --format /dev/fd0 mkfs /dev/fd0 |
n/a
|
mount/unmount floppy
|
volrmmount -l floppy0
eject floppy |
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
umount /mnt/floppy |
n/a
|
mount/unmount CDROM
|
mount -F hsfs -o ro <device path> /cdrom/cdrom0
umount /cdrom/cdrom0 /etc/init.d/volmgr start eject cdrom |
mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom |
mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom |
remount a filesystem
|
mount -o remount,rw /
|
mount -o remount,rw /
|
|
create boot disk or recovery tape
|
n/a
|
mkbootdisk `uname -r` (boot diskette)
|
n/a
|
boot cdrom/diskette (single user)
|
ok> boot cdrom -s
|
using the grub window append the word single to the
kernel line
|
using the grub window append the word single to the
kernel line
|
boot into maintenace mode
|
ok> boot -as
|
f10 or f12
|
f10 or f12
|
Device paths
|
floppy:
disk:
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 tape: /dev/rmt/0ucb cdrom: /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /dev/scd0 (external usb cd) |
floppy:
/dev/fd0
disk:
/dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb
tape:
cdrom:
/dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks) |
floppy:
/dev/fd0
disk:
/dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb
tape:
cdrom:
/dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks) |
update /dev directory
|
drvconfig
devlinks disks|tapes|ports devfsadm ( solaris 8, 9, 10) |
/dev/MAKEDEV <device>
|
/dev/MAKEDEV <device>
|
remove or change a device
|
rem_drv
|
||
list device drivers
|
prtconf -D
sysdef |
cat /proc/devices
|
cat /proc/devices
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
Basic network information
(hostname, ip address) |
/etc/hostname.hme0
|
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 |
/etc/network/interfaces
|
displaying network interfaces
|
prtdiag -v
ifconfig -a kstat hme:0 |
ifconfig
system-config-network (GUI) |
ifconfig
|
Configure network interface
|
ifconfig
|
ifconfig
|
ifconfig
|
Starting and stopping a network interface
|
ifconfig qfe0 up
ifconfig qfe0 down |
/sbin/ifup eth0
/sbin/ifdown eth0 |
/sbin/ifup eth0
/sbin/ifdown eth0 |
Setting NIC speed
|
ndd -set <device> <parm> <value>
(dynamically)
/etc/system (edit and update then reboot - permanent) |
mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0
ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full |
ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full
|
Change NIC parameters
|
ndd -get <device> <parm> ndd -get dev/ip \? (list all params) |
mii-tool -v ethtool eth1 ethtool -t eth0 online sysctl -a | grep net* |
ethtool eth0
sysctl -a |grep net* |
Display NIC statistics
|
|||
display MAC address
|
ifconfig -a (as user root)
|
ifconfig
system-config-network (GUI) |
ifconfig
|
Displaying network packets
|
snoop -d <interface>
|
tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be installed) |
tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be installed) |
default router
|
/etc/defaultrouter
route add default <gteway> |
edit /etc/sysconfig/network add: GATEWAY=<IP address> |
edit /etc/network/interfaces
add: gateway <IP address> |
display routing table
|
netstat -n
|
netstat -rn
route -n |
netstat -rn
route -n |
Test IPMP, Bonding
|
if_mpadm -d
(detach) if_mpadm -r (reattach) tail /var/adm/messages |
ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach) ifenslave bond0 eth1 (reattach) cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0 |
ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach) ifenslave bond0 eth1 (reattach) cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0 |
change the hostname
|
change the following four files: /etc/nodename /etc/hostname.<interface> /etc/inet/hosts /etc/inet/ipnodes /etc/net - few files in here as well |
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/hosts sysctl -a |grep hostname |
/etc/hostname
/etc/hosts sysctl -a |grep hostname |
setup DNS
|
/etc/resolv.conf
|
/etc/resolv.conf
|
/etc/resolv.conf
|
Name service switch file (DNS client)
|
/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/resolv.conf |
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf |
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf |
Flush DNS cache
|
## if installed
service nscd restart |
||
Domain Name
|
/etc/defaultdomain
|
/etc/sysconfig/network (GATEWAY option)
|
edit /etc/network/interfaces
|
Obtain IP Address routing
|
route -n get <hostname>
traceroute |
ip route get <IP address>
|
ip route get <IP address>
|
Find Services on the network
|
Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1 |
Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv |
Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv |
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
Crash Dump
|
dumpadm -d <device> crash (used to analyse crash dumps) adb (used to analyse crash dumps) |
diskdump netdump kdump (part of kexec rpm) /etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go) service kdump start chkconfig kdump on ## to crash the system echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger crash (used to analyse crash dumps) |
diskdump netdump kdump (part of kexec rpm) /etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go) service kdump start chkconfig kdump on ## to crash the system echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger crash (used to analyse crash dumps) |
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
CPU
|
top
sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat procinfo oprofile cat /proc/cpuinfo |
top
sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat procinfo cat /proc/cpuinfo |
|
Memory
|
free
vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo |
free
vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo |
|
Network I/O
|
ethtool
mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf |
ethtool
mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf |
|
Disk I/O
|
sar -d
iostat vmstat lsof |
sar -d
iostat vmstat lsof |
|
Application
|
truss -p <pid>
|
strace -p <pid>
|
strace -p <pid>
|
NFS
|
nfsstat
|
nfsstat
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
display loaded modules
|
modinfo
|
cat /proc/modules (more detailed)
Location: lsmod /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.conf /etc/modprobe.d |
cat /proc/modules (more detailed)
Location: lsmod /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.d/options /etc/modprobe.d |
load modules
|
modload -p drv/<module name>
|
modprobe <module>
insmod |
modprobe <module>
insmod |
unload modules
|
modunload -i <module number>
|
modprobe -r <module>
rmmod |
modprobe -r <module>
rmmod |
set kernel parameters (tuning)
|
edit
/etc/system reboot |
/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot)
sysctl -w param=value sysctl -p <filename> No reboot (dynamically): echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc............................................. |
/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot)
sysctl -w param=value sysctl -p <filename> No reboot (dynamically): echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc............................................. |
display kernel parameters
|
cat /etc/system
sysdef -i |
sysctl -a
cat /etc/sysctl.conf cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc................................... |
sysctl -a
cat /etc/sysctl.conf cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc................................... |
build kernel
|
edit and update file then reboot: /etc/system |
cd /usr/src/linux-2.5
edit Makefile (change EXTRAVERSION) make mrproper backup .config make xconfig make dep make bzImage make modules move new kernel make modules_install change lilo/grub config file reboot |
|
interprocess communication
|
ipcs -a
|
ipcs -a
|
ipcs -a
|
Solaris
10
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
display services
|
svcs -a inetadm -l |
service --status-all
|
There is no services or chkconfig command use the old
fashioned way /etc/init.d/<service>
|
start services
|
svcadm enable nfs
|
service nfs start
|
|
stop services
|
svcadm disable nfs
|
service nfs stop
|
|
reload service
|
svcadm refresh nfs
|
service nfs reload
|
|
restart service
|
svcadm restart nfs
|
service nfs restart
|
|
service status
|
svcs nfs
|
service nfs staus
|
|
service dependencies
|
svcs -d network
|
n/a
|
|
service dependants
|
svcs -D network
|
n/a
|
|
service logging, etc
|
/var/svc/log
/var/svc/manifest /lib/svc/method |
n/a
|
|
change service startup
|
n/a
|
chkconfig --levels 2345 nfs on
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
display installed patches
|
showrev -p
patchadd -p |
||
adding patch
|
patchadd
patchadd -M <dir> (multiple patches) |
patch -p1 <patch>
zcat patch46.gz | patch -p1 Note: -p = # of path stripping |
|
removing patch
|
patchrm
|
patch -R -p1 <patch>
|
|
display installed packages
|
pkginfo (all packages)
pkginfo -l (single package) pkgchk -l -p <file> (file belongs) |
rpm -qa (all packages)
rpm -q (single package) rpm -qf (file belongs) rpm -qi <package> (very detailed) |
dpkg -l
dpkg -S <search string> (search) dpkg -S <filename> (file belongs) dpkg -s <package> (status) dpkg -p <package> (detailed) |
adding package
|
pkgadd
|
rpm -Uhv (updates/installs if not already)
rpm -ihv (install) |
dpkg -i <package>
|
removing packages
|
pkgrm
|
rpm -e <package>
|
dpkg -r <package> (do not remove config files)
dpkg -P <package> (remove config files) |
verify package
|
pkginfo -l pkginfo -p |
rpm -V <package>
|
n/a
|
List files in package
|
pkgchk -l <package> | grep -i pathname
|
rpm -ql <package>
|
dpkg -L <package> (list files)
|
Package directory
|
/var/sadm
|
/var/lib/rpm
|
/var/lib/dpkg/info
|
List libraries required for binary program
|
ldd <file>
|
ldd <file>
|
ldd <file>
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
display users
|
cat /etc/passwd
logins -x |
cat /etc/passwd
system-config-users (GUI) |
cat /etc/passwd
|
create a user
|
useradd
|
useradd
system-config-users (GUI) |
useradd
|
remove a user
|
userdel
|
userdel
system-config-users (GUI) |
userdel
|
modify a user
|
usermod
|
usermod
system-config-users (GUI) |
usermod
|
change user password
|
passwd
|
passwd
|
passwd
|
create a group
|
groupadd
|
groupadd
|
groupadd
|
remove a group
|
groupdel
|
groupdel
|
groupdel
|
modify a goup
|
groupmod
|
groupmod
|
groupmod
|
password files
|
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow |
/etc/shadow
|
/etc/shadow
|
useful user commands
|
id -a
whoami who w finger |
id -a
whoami who w finger |
id -a
whoami who w finger |
useful group commands
|
groups
|
groups
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
NFS Daemons
|
server: mountd, nfsd
client: statd, lockd |
server: rpc.mountd,nfsd
client: rpc.statd, lockd |
server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd |
NFS files
|
/etc/dfs/dfstab
/etc/dfs/sharetab /etc/rmtab |
/etc/exports
/var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab |
/etc/exports
/var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab |
List nfs clients that have a remote mount
|
/etc/rmtab
|
/var/lib/nfs/rmtab
|
/var/lib/nfs/rmtab
|
display nfs shares
|
dfshares
showmount -e localhost |
showmount -e localhost
|
showmount -e localhost
|
create nfs share
|
/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and add share)
share <path> ## dfstab example share -F nfs -d "jumpstart" /export/jumpstart |
redhat-config-nfs (GUI)
/etc/exports (edit and add share) /sbin/service nfs reload ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync) |
/etc/exports (edit and add share, see below example)
exportfs -rav (export the shares) /etc/init.d/portmap restart /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync) |
uncreate nfs share
|
unshare <path>
/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and remove share) |
/etc/exports (edit and remove share)
/sbin/service nfs reload |
/etc/exports (edit and remove share)
exportfs -rav (export the shares) |
start/change nfs daemons
|
/etc/init.d/nfs.server start /etc/init.d/nfs.client start svcadm enable nfs/server svcadm disable nfs/server |
/sbin/service nfs start
|
/etc/init.d/portmap start
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start |
stop nfs daemons
|
/etc/init.d/nfs.server stop
/etc/init.d/nfs.client stop |
/sbin/service nfs stop
|
/etc/init.d/portmap stop
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server stop |
nfs status
|
ps -ef|grep < nfs daemons>
|
/sbin/service nfs status
|
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server status
|
nfs reload
|
shareall
|
/sbin/service nfs reload
|
exportfs -rav (export the shares)
|
nfs performanace
|
nfsstat
|
nfsstat
|
nfsstat
|
nfs Options
|
cat /var/lib/nfs/etab
|
cat /var/lib/nfs/etab
|
|
solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to v4)
|
## Make sure you use NFS version 3
mount -F nfs -o vers=3 <mount> <mountpoint> |
n/a
|
n/a
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
Time daemons
|
xntpd | ntpd |
ntpd
|
ntp setup
|
# Solaris 8 /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.server /etc/ntp.client /etc/rc2.d/xntpd [start|stop] # Solaris 10 /etc/inet/ntp.server /etc/inet/ntp.client svcadm enable ntpd |
/etc/ntp.conf (edit with ntp servers) dateconfig (GUI)
chkconfig --list ntpd
chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on /sbin/service ntpd start |
/etc/default/ntp /etc/ntp.conf /etc/init.d/ntp [start|stop|restart] |
ntp daemon options
|
/etc/sysconfig/ntpd
|
/etc/default/ntp
|
|
NTP Trace commands
|
ntpq -p
ntptrace |
ntpq -p
ntptrace |
ntpq -p
ntptrace |
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
messages
|
/var/adm/messages
|
/var/log/messages
|
/var/log/messages
|
syslog
|
/var/log/syslog
|
/var/log/syslog
|
/var/log/syslog
|
mail
|
/var/log/mail
|
/var/log/mail.*
|
|
cron
|
/var/cron/log
|
/var/log/cron
|
/var/log/cron.log
|
boot
|
/var/adm/messages
dmesg |
/var/log/boot
dmesg |
/var/log/boot
dmesg |
Error logging
|
logger
|
logger
|
logger
|
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
Checking the passwd file
|
pwck
|
pwck
|
pwck
|
checking the group file
|
grpck
|
grpck
|
grpck
|
console login (allow/deny)
|
# No reboot required
/etc/default/login |
# No reboot required
/etc/securetty |
# No reboot required
/etc/securetty |
Solaris
|
Red
Hat
|
Ubuntu/Debian
|
|
startup
|
eeprom setenv boot-device |
grub (GUI)
lilo (text based) |
grub (GUI)
|
shutdown
|
shutdown -i5 -g0 -y (power down) shutdown -i6 -g0 -y (reboot) shutdown -i0 -g0 -y (OK prompt) reboot -- -r (reboot/reconfigure) touch /reconfigure |
shutdown -h (halt)
shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -f (fast reboot no fsck) shutdown -F (force fsck) |
shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -P (power off) touch /forcefsck # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes |
Change run level
|
halt
init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit uadmin |
halt
init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit |
halt
init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit |
init status
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |
0 - shutdown 1 - single user 2 - n/a 3 - Multi-user 4 - n/a 5 - power off 6 - reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab |
0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (no networking) 3 - multiuser (networking) 4 - unused 5 - GUI 6 - reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab |
0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (default) 3 - same as 2 4 - same as 2 5 - same as 2 6 - reboot # change default - change all the telinit vi /etc/event.d/rc-default |
Startup options
|
-s single user
-a interactive -x no device drivers (used in clustering) -r reconfigure devices -m milestone |
single - use grub to edit kernel line emergency - use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage |
single - use grub to edit kernel line emergency - use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage |
startup scripts
|
/etc/init.d
/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d |
/etc/init.d
/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d |
/etc/init.d
/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d |
boot prompt commands
|
boot printenv setenv banner devalias show-devs show-pci-devs-all probe-scsi-all probe-fcal-all probe-pci watch-net-all reset-all |
F10 or F12
|
F10 or F12
|
Boot process
|
Phases:
|
Boot sequence
1.
BIOS
2.
POST
3.
Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or
LILO
4.
GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5
5.
GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look
at /boot/grub/*1_5 files
6.
GRUB (stage 2) – reads /etc/grub.conf and displays the grub
menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files
7.
KERNEL - control given to the kernel
8.
INIT - reads /etc/inittab and runs /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script
|
Boot sequence
1.
BIOS
2.
POST
3.
Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or
LILO
4.
GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5
5.
GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look
at /boot/grub/*1_5 files
6.
GRUB (stage 2) – reads /boot/grub/menu.lst and displays the
grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files
7.
KERNEL - control given to the kernel
8.
INIT - runs the /etc/event.d/rc-default script
|
determine the run level
|
who -r
|
runlevel
who -r |
runlevel
who -r |
obtain default run level
|
cat /etc/inittab
|
cat /etc/inittab
|
/etc/event.d/rc-default
|
list locale
|
locale -a
|
locale -a
|
locale -a
|
start xwindows
|
n/a
|
startx (shorthand of below)
initx (lots of parms) |
|
initialize system
|
sys-unconfig
|
||
Timezone
|
/etc/TIMEZONE
/etc/default/init |
/etc/sysconfig/clock
/usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab |
/etc/timezone
/usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab |
